Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

Methodology The focus of the proposed study is on patients suffering from head injuries and chronic traumatic encephalopathy, (CTE). Case control methodology is appropriate for this study.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance efficiency, the case control methodology must assume a retrospective approach. This is because the proposed study involves examination of the existing cases of head injuries in the sampled population. The study will sample the general population and the patients within the outpatient departments of public hospitals. The case groups and the control groups are important. This is because they form the basis for assessments and comparisons (Sim Wright, 2002). The principle aim for this methodology is to determine the exposure risk of CTE associated with head injuries. Basically, the proposed study invol ves the comparison of the incidences of chronic traumatic encephalopathy. This must be done between the patients suffering from head injuries and the healthy individuals. Two groups are prominent in the proposed methodology. This includes the case group and the control group. Notably, the methodology requires a considerable time to attain desired results (Sim Wright, 2002). Generally, the proposed methodology is appropriate for the study.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Participants Both the case and control groups will be enrolled in the research. This explains why the proposed investigation is a case control study. The basic implication is that an empirically supported inclusion and exclusion criteria have to be adopted. The cases include those participants who have previously suffered head injuries. On the other hand, the control group shall comprise other patients witho ut any history of head injuries. This participant combination forms a perfect case control set. The location of the proposed study has to be within selected public hospitals. Moreover, purposive sampling of all the participants within the selected hospitals is preferred. The process must also observe the ethical and legal provisions for research. For instance, issues of informed consent have to be adequately addressed (Walker Shostak, 2010). Purposive sampling helps to draw a representative sample. The sample size shall be calculated using the Fischer’s formulae. This is because the representative sample is projected to be less than ten thousand. Generally, this study will involve a highly constricted sample size. This is because the proposed study is retrospective and requires follow up for the enrolled participants. Thus, it is intensive and very costly within larger sample sizes. Research Design A combined approach for data collection is appropriate for the proposed study . In this approach, qualitative as well as quantitative strategies are applied during data collection process.Advertising We will write a custom proposal sample on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More To enhance the process of triangulation, active clinical checkups and diagnosis are also necessary (Walker Shostak, 2010). This is because the researcher is able to detect the new cases of CTE amongst the enrolled participants. Qualitative and quantitative data management techniques shall be used in the study. Qualitative data analysis mainly entails discussions. However, quantitative data analysis involves the use of sophisticated data management tools such as SPSS. Additionally, it involves the use of bar graphs, pie charts, and basic statistical inferences. Instrumentation and Data Collection Plans Qualitative data gathering to be used in the proposed study entail the use of key inf ormant interviews, focus groups and personal observations. Quantitative approaches involve the active administration of assessment tools such as semi structured questionnaires (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). Because the proposed study is a case control, person-to-person data collection is appropriate. This will automatically rules out the possibility of a mailed survey. Based on this projected sample, the participants shall report to the study sites. Consequently, the researcher shall conduct clinical monitoring, personal interviews, observations and focus groups during the reporting junctures. Proposed Analysis of the Data The results gotten from the proposed sample shall be varied. However, this depends on the inclination or objective of the data analysis (Fairclough, 2010). Results indicating the correlation between head injuries and occurrence of CTE are critical.Advertising Looking for proposal on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, factors that influence the occurrence of CTE amongst those with head injuries are also expected. Additionally, issues about the efficiency of the clinical management strategies in head injuries are likely to emanate. Determination and analysis of responses must be conducted through diverse mechanisms. For instance, similar causative factors linked to the occurrence of CTE must be grouped statistically. Analytically, such processes require sophisticated data management tools. Correlation and regression analysis include some of the statistical tools applicable in the proposed study (Keilegom Wilson, 2011). The proposed results will have significant implications on the rest of population. For instance, certain revelations might dispel existing beliefs. There are different variables that the researcher may include in the proposed study. The likelihood of occurrence of CTE and the incidences of head injuries are some of the variables. Observably, a correlation of the depend ent and independent variable may be drawn from the two outlined examples. â€Å"The occurrence or presence of head injury† remains as one of the crucial independent variable in the proposed study. Alternatively, â€Å"the occurrence of CTE† includes another vital dependent variable. Therefore, it can be stated that the occurrence of CTE depends on the presence of head injury amongst the participants in the proposed study. A more comprehensive and empirical decision making criteria must be used in the proposed study. In this context, various statistical inferences will have a critical role. Comparison of the confidence intervals of various correlating factors will influence most decisions and assumptions in the proposed study. This is appropriate for all correlating factors (Sim Wright, 2002). This process entails the application of statistical distribution tables in determining the confidence intervals. Advanced computer software for data management must be used to en hance the high level of data processing. Basically, this computer software must be applicable in the computation of various statistical inferences and associations. The SPSS program is most preferred for purposes of data analysis in the proposed study. Validity and reliability measurements are critical for all empirical investigations. Application of content validity ensures that an appropriate and representative sample size is utilized. In addition, criterion validity measurement when applied in the proposed study will help to test the precision of definite measures. Construct validity may preferably be used in the proposed study to confirm whether the variables measure the proposed constructs (Fairclough, 2010). For purposes of objectivity and reliance, measurements on the reliability of factors within a study are vital. In the proposed study, there are several measurement methodologies that might be applied for reliability. The determination and testing of reliability may automat ically occur when certain results are gotten. In such scenarios, these results must be tested for both internal and external consistency. There are other various applicable methodologies in measuring reliability. The proposed study might involve the use of inter-observer or test-retests as strategies for measuring reliability. These processes are important because they improve the quality of data. References Fairclough, D. (2010). Design and Analysis of Quality of Life Studies in Clinical Trials. New York, NY: CRC Press. Keilegom, I. Wilson, W. (2011). Exploring research frontiers in contemporary statistics and econometrics: A festschrift for LeÃŒ opold Simar. Berlin: Springer/Physica-Verlag. Sim, J. Wright, C. (2002). Research in health care: Concepts, designs and methods. Cheltenham: N. Thornes. Walker, A. Shostak, J. (2010). Common statistical methods for clinical research with SAS examples. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc. This proposal on Head Injuries and Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy was written and submitted by user Eduardo T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Religion Conflicts About Tattoos Essays

Religion Conflicts About Tattoos Essays Religion Conflicts About Tattoos Essay Religion Conflicts About Tattoos Essay Ethical and Critical Thinking October 31, 2011 Critical Paper – Religion conflicts about Tattoos Does religion have any conflict with tattoos? (Cararra, 2009) There are no major issues between tattoos and Christianity. The majority of Christians do not have anything against tattoos but a small number of Christians support the Jewish views against tattoos based on Leviticus 19:28 (which basically prohibits us from doing any markings on our body). Most Christians today even sport a tattoo or two, and it does not make them any less of a Christian. Their faith has nothing to do with the body art that they carry. Tattoo designs of Christian symbols are even common. Tattoos are mostly forbidden in Sunni Islam because according to their book of Sunni traditions, the Prophet Mohammed forbade the mutilation of bodies. Sunni Muslims believe that putting on tattoos is a forbidden act because it involves changing what Allah had already created. They also believe that the prophet cursed the ones who are doing the tattoos and the people that are getting tattoos done on their bodies. However, there is a difference of scholarly Sunni Muslim opinion as to why tattoos are not allowed. However, the use of tattoos made with Henna is very common in the Muslims of North Africa. Shia Islam allows tattoos and do not see it as against the Sunnah. Tattoos are also forbidden in Judaism based on the Torah. They also base their objection on what the Bible says about body markings, found on the book of Leviticus 19:28 which states, You shall not make gashes in your flesh for the dead, or incise any marks on yourselves: I am the Lord. This prohibition applies to all body markings or body alterations that do not serve a medical purpose. Scholars of Jewish Law explain that this prohibition against tattoos is an answer against paganism. Since pagan worshipers commonly practiced tattooing themselves with the image and/or names of their gods, Judaism forbade tattoos in order to separate itself from other religions. In addition to that, the connection of tattoos with Nazi concentratio n camps and the Holocaust has added to the level of disgust that Jews have for the practice of tattooing, even among the not so spiritual Jews. Article Source: http://EzineArticles. com/2838953 Cararra, M. J. (2009, August 28). Tattoos As Viewed by Religion. Retrieved October 31, 2011, from Ezine Mom Articles: http://ezinearticles. com/? expert=Matt_J. _Cararra Rex, Sember, Shaun, Holly, Cassie. (2004, October 8). People Against Tattoos (PAT). Retrieved October 31, 2011, from Primate Headache: http://rex. chattablogs. com/archives/2004/10/people-against-tattoos-pat. html People Against Tattoos (PAT) I am starting a movement to remove as many rights from those that have tattoos as possible. Abominations aren’t worthy of having a happy life in this country. Three Step Program to Rid the USA of Tattoo Wearing Freaks 1. I am calling for a federal law to ban tattoos. The Bible states in Lev 19:28: You shall not make any cuttings in your flesh on account of the dead or tattoo any marks upon you: I am the LORD. It is a Christian’s duty to do his or her part in ridding the nation of abominations. A new federal law for banishment is a start. 2. Did you know that those with tattoos are tarnishing our values? For instance, having so many symbol-wearing freaks wed is totally tainting our marriage system. Marriage should be between a man and woman, not between a man and abomination (or vice versa! ) In order to defend marriage, we  must  do away with this madness. In order to do this, I am calling for an amendment that will define tattoo-wearing individuals as neither men nor women, but as abominations, and it will piggyback on the new amendment that states that abominations cannot marry. 3. We are trying to come up with some derogatory names for those that have tattoos. Inklings† and â€Å"scumbags† are the top two on the list thus far, but it’s still up in the air as to the one we’ll put on our protest signs. Feel free to use these to refer to the abominations in daily life, and check back here frequently as we update with more names. If you have the same feelings as we do in regard to these filthy excuses for humans, join our struggle. Were PAT, and were no t going to let our country go down the toilet any longer. More to come. Posted by Rex at October 8, 2004 7:48 PM   I cant for the life of me tell if you are joking or not. I could believe it, but I would much rather laugh. Posted by:  Sember  at October 8, 2004 9:14 PM I am absolutely not joking. Is this a laughing matter to you? Our country is full of abominations and you think it’s funny. How many tattoos do you have? I bet you’ve got a dragon on your back with some Japanese symbols or something. Or perhaps a butterfly on your ankle. Yeah, its cute, but it wont be very cute in HELL!!!!! oneone Posted by:  Rex  at October 8, 2004 9:32 PM Did you know that first century Christians were the first to make tattoos a practice for the common man? Before then it was reserved for slaves and Christians adopted the custom to signify their slavery to Christ. Put that in your proverbial pipe and smoke it! Posted by: Shaun at October 9, 2004 8:19 PM You use the bible to reinforce your so called pure beliefs yet Christ himself had a tattoo maybe the next you want to quote the bible read the WHOLE things then come back with some actual information that can be related to this time of era. also by the way if you didnt know the script before that states Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt thou mar the corners of thy beard. so I guess youll be protesting about clean cut short hair men of todays society oh So you know And he hath on his vesture and *on his thigh a name written,* KING OF KINGS, AND LORD OF LORDS. Revelation 19:16 so I guess Christ himself is a how would you say it that’s right a *abomination*. READ YOUR BIBLE BEFORE YOU PROTEST YOU’RE PROTESTING AGAINST THE LORD OF LORDS AND KING OF KI NGS Posted by: HOLLY S. at April 4, 2006 11:28 PM Before I even start this thing, I from the bottom of my heart would like to say sorry to everyone who has read this so far and has gotten hurt by this person. It also puts me in a position as well, because of people like them I am hated for being a Christian as well. I am proud to say that I am a Christian and have 3 tattoos on my body and soon to get more. So I guess Im proud to say Im an Inkling!!! Alright now on to you hateful people, I love it when you take a verse and dont study it or know what the true meaning behind it is. That verse in Leviticus is clearly talking about cutting and tattooing for the dead. That is the true sin God is talking about. As far as I know people who get tattoos are only doing it for the art, I have yet to hear: Yeah I got this one for the dead. Study the Bible!!! And know your history a little! Where the crap were you going with the marriage bit Oh and if you’re going to abolish over half the nation with tattoos, then you might as well abolish Jesus! Because as a Christian you would know that Jesus has our names tattooed on His hand. But wait Im writing to a closed mined person who only thinks inside the box and what mommy and daddy tells them! Let me refer to y Bible here: â€Å"See, I have engraved you on the palms of my hands. † Isaiah 49:16 (NIV) â€Å"He has a name written on him that no one knows but he himself. † Rev 19:12 (NIV) â€Å"On his robe and on his thigh he has this name written: KING OF KINGS AND LORD OF LORDS. † Rev. 19:16 (NIV) I pray for people like you, so that one day you will open your eyes and see what Jesus saw when He was here, and what He sees now when He looks at His children. He loves them and you too! Posted by: Cassie at August 27, 2007 11:40 PM

Human Rights in the European Union Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Human Rights in the European Union - Essay Example These treaties put up the various European Union institutions together with procedures and objectives. The European Union only acts within the boundaries set up by these treaties. Any amendment to these treaties necessitates the agreement and subsequent ratification of the signatories. The two most crucial treaties are the Treaty of the European Union of 1993, and the Treaty of the functioning of the European Union of 1958 (Paul, 2011). The Treaty of European Union gets split into six integral parts. The parts that cover freedoms, equality, human rights and laws in the European Union include title one, common provisions, title two, democratic principle provision and title 3, institution provision. Under title one, the Common provision part of the treaty, article 1formulates the legal provisions in the treaty. Article 2 fronts that the European Union gets founded on values of democracy, the rule of law, respect for human dignity, respect for human rights and freedom. The goal here is for the member states to live in a society where tolerance, non discrimination, justice, gender equality and solidarity thrives (Schiek, 2008). The third article under common provisions identifies the six core goals of the European Union which are promoting peace citizen well being and European values, establishing free movement within its borders, creating an internal market, establishing the Euro, promoting values, poverty eradication, upholding human rights, respecting the United Nations Charter, and a promise to pursue the above objectives effectively. Article 4 gets associated with the sovereignty and obligations of member states. Article 5 formulates the principles of conferral proportionality regarding power limits. Article 6 specifically binds the European Union to the European Human Rights Convention and the Fundamental Rights of the European Convention Charter. Article 7 gets involved in the disciplinary matters whereas article 8 gets involved in the creation of strong tie s with member states (Meenan, 2007). The second title in the treaty is the provision of democratic principles. This part of the treaty establishes equality among citizens and looks into citizenship. Of great interest to us is the declaration that the European Union gets based on representative democracy with the population being the ultimate decision makers. This policy defined the procedures through which political parties get formulated and how citizens get represented. The 11th article addresses transparency in governance provides for consultations before decision making and creates provisions for petitions. Article 12 awards national legislatures’ negligible involvement in law making (Meenan, 2007). The third title, Provisions on the institutions, establishes the institution of the Court of Justice, the European parliament, the European Commission, the European Council, the Court of Auditors and the European Central Bank under article 13. It also facilitates cooperation b etween the above institutions and controls their competencies in accordance with the powers in the treaty. Article 14 with how the legislative arm of the European Union works and election of members. Article 15, on the other hand, handles the European Council and the procedure that governs its presidency, whereas article 16 deals with the Council and how it gets constituted. The European Commission and appointments to it get handled in article 17, while the establishment of Representatives of Security and Foreign